Socio-Economic Profile of Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Socio-Economic Profile of Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder Free Online Research Papers A Retrospection of Socio- Economic Profile of Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder ABSTRACT Autism is a condition that is unique in many ways. Persons coming under the autism spectrum have difficulties in sharing thoughts, feelings, meanings, intentions and other mental experiences of living in the world. Generally persons with autism exhibit a unique set of symptoms in three areas viz socialization, communication and behaviour. There has been a phenomenal rise in institutional infrastructure and reaffirmation of the commitment to the cause promoting empowerment of Persons with ASD. India is a developing nation having a social fabric with socio-cultural, religious, geographic, climatic and demographic variation. With an objective of strengthening, streamlining as well as shouldering the needs of the persons with ASD, to empower the persons with ASD to out manoeuvre the hurdles in the form of challenges; to create a source as well as force for the empowerment of persons with ASD, NIEPMD who is also catering to the needs of persons with ASD started functioning from the year 2005. It is a basic study and aims to find out the Socio economic profile of persons with ASD attending services at NIEPMD and to correlate the condition of Autism with the Socio- Economic profile. The study also focuses on various socio- economical variables of families of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This study revealed that most of the children diagnosed with ASD are from Below Poverty line, hence there is a need to provide quality rehabilitation services to the children from poor socio- economic background and also the need to establish service centres in the rural areas, because most of the children with ASD are left unnoticed in the rural areas due to lack of awareness about Autism. A Retrospection of Socio- Economic Profile of Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder Introduction There has been a drastic wave towards rehabilitation of persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) after the efforts rendered from Action for Autism which has attracted attention of lot of professionals and parents. Creation of awareness towards ASD has seen lot of changes; media has handled the situation in a better way. Zee TV is telecasting a serial â€Å"Aapki Antara† based on the life and challenges of a girl with ASD and during the end of the programme they are depicting a brief interaction of parents who have children with ASD. Similar lines Mr. Karan Johar famour Producer Director of Bollywood movies has projected Mr. Shahrukh Khan as having Asperger’s syndrome in the movie â€Å"My name is Khan†. So definitely now there is good amount of information about the condition and the intervention approaches. There has also been an increase in the professionals undergoing training in ASD through Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI) approved programmes. Autism is a condition that is unique in many ways. Persons coming under the autism spectrum have difficulties in sharing thoughts, feelings, meanings, intentions and other mental experiences of living in the world. Generally persons with autism exhibit a unique set of symptoms in three areas viz socialization, communication and behaviour. ASD is a general term that includes the following disorders: Autistic Disorder, Asperger’s Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), Rett’s Disorder, and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD). In each of these disorders, social interaction is most commonly affected. The symptoms and characteristics of ASD can present themselves in a wide variety of combinations, from mild to severe. Although ASD is defined by certain sets of behaviours, individuals can exhibit any combination of the behaviours in any degree of severity. Persons with the same diagnosis can act very differently and have varying skills. Therefore, there is no standard â€Å"type† or â€Å"typical† person with ASD. Modernization and urbanization have resulted in radical socio – economical changes and has given rise to new conflicts and tensions consequent upon the erosion of old age family and fraternal security. The very purpose of social security measure is to give individuals and families the confidence that their level of living and quality of life will not erode by social or economic eventuality; provide medical care and income security; facilitate the victims to vocational rehabilitation; prevent or reduce ill health and accidents in the occupations; protect against unemployment by maintenance and promotion of job creation and provide benefit for the maintenance of every PWD. There has been a phenomenal rise in institutional infrastructure and reaffirmation of the commitment to the cause promoting empowerment of Persons with ASD. India is a developing nation having a social fabric with socio-cultural, religious, geographic, climatic and demographic variation. This is of more significant in the context of subjects related to a marginalized and under privileged group. Despite economic constraints, India has a vision for all round growth and intends to enter into group of developed nations by the year 2020 (QRI). To achieve these ambitious targets, all sections of society not only including persons with disabilities but persons with ASD have to be included in the process of developing the nation. With an objective of strengthening, streamlining as well as shouldering the needs of the persons with ASD, to empower the persons with ASD to out manoeuvre the hurdles in the form of challenges; to create a source as well as force for the empowerment of persons with ASD; to promote interdisciplinary and multi disciplinary management approach to cater the growing needs of persons with ASD, NIEPMD who is also catering to the needs of persons with ASD started functioning from the year 2005. The institute aims at enabling and empowering the persons with ASD, by offering a range of comprehensive services and also follows a zero rejection policy. The services offered by the Institute are predominantly centre cum home based programme. Services offered at NIEPMD are indented for clients from all parts of the country. This study is to find out the Socio economic profile of persons with ASD attending services at NIEPMD and to correlate the condition of Autism with the Socio- Economic profile . The study also focuses on various socio- economical variables of families of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).The sample is taken from the year 2002 to 2009. Review of the Literature Victor D. Sanua, Department of Psychology, St. John’s University, Jamaica, N.Y mentioned that Kanner, in his 1943 article, reported that parents of autistic children tended to be of high socioeconomic status (SES). According to Schopler, Andrews and Strupp, 1979 subsequent studies did not reveal similar findings. However, a careful analysis of these studies showed that in all instances the SES distributions of the parents were bimodal. Subba Rao, T.A. , Ravindar, D, 2002 studied the characteristics of 28 children with ASD attending services at Composite Regional Centre, Bhopal, reported that most of the parents were highly educated and were from well to do family. In a recently published study Malhotra et al, 2003 compared the socio-demographic and clinical profile of PDD patients registered at CAP Clinic, PGIMER, and Chandigarh between 1989 and 1999. M. Juneja, S.B. Mukherjee and S. Sharma, 2004 reported that most children were from the middle class. This is probably due to the upper class persons with autism usually do not avail government hospital medical facilities. Parents from lower income groups may postpone seeking medical attention for disorders other than sickness. The observed boy-girl ratio was lesser than that reported in literature. Amarnath, A, 2008, studied about the socio- economic conditions and the needs of persons with multiple disabilities in Thirupporur block of Chengalpattu taluk, Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu. Parents of persons with multiple disabilities are from low socio-economic strata and if provided with some income generation programme they families would be able to support. Methodology It is a basic study and aims to find out the Socio economic profile of persons with ASD attending services at NIEPMD and to correlate the condition of Autism with the Socio- Economic profile. The study also focuses on various socio- economical variables of families of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). All the children diagnosed as ASD from 2007 to 2009 by the Multi- disciplinary team formed the subject of the study. Information were collected through both structured and semi structured interviews from the parents by the multidisciplinary team during registration and assessment of the child. The data is computed and tabulated by using mean and percentage. Procedure All the children with ASD attending the services at NIEPMD from the year 2007 to 2009 were taken for the study. A detailed case history including the demographic details of the case and the parents are noted. This include name of the client, sex, age, source of referral, community, religion, family income, language, education and occupation status of the parents etc. All these information are collected directly from the parents. For the analysis of the data the above information were classified into three profiles, 1. Personal profile (Variables used- Age, Sex, Order of the child, Diagnosis) Economic profile (Variables used- Education and Occupation of the father, mother, Family monthly income) Social profile (Family type, area of residence, religion, language spoken, school attending, state). The data has been computed and projected in percentages. Results A total of 45 children with ASD formed the subject of the study. Table- 1 shows the personal profile of the subjects in the variables of Age, gender, order of the child and the diagnosis. The study shows that 24 % of children are aged below six year and below and 60% of the children belong to the age group of 6-14 years and 16% of children belonging to the age group of 14 and above. The male female ratio in the study was 3:5 which also coorelates with the findings reported in NICHD 2001 census. The order of the child in the family reveals that 58% of children belong to the first born and 33% belong to the second born where as 7% third and 2% fourth born. This shows that a considerable number of children with ASD were first born. However an indepth study on the relationship between the birth order and incidence of ASD will be focused as a separate study. The diagnosis of the children with ASD in the study shows that 58% of children are diagnosed as Autism with Mental Retardation, 29% of children were as Autism, 11% belonging to Pervasive Development Disorder and 2% of children are Autism with Visual Impairment. Table 2 shows that 93% of fathers and 27% of mothers are reported to be working of which 32% of the families had a monthly income of Rs. 10,000 and more and 31% of families income are in the range of 6500 to 10,000. 60% of father and 56% of mother had Diploma, Graduation and Post Graduation as their educational qualification. The data also shows that 68% of the clients are from poor socio- economic strata. The data reveals the fact that majority of the fathers are working (93%) and most of the mothers are Housewife (73%). Table 3 shows that 87% of children with ASD belong to nuclear family residing in urban areas and semi urban areas while 9% of the children with ASD belong to joint families and residing in rural areas. Most of the children (93%) belonged to Hindu religion, 5% of children from Muslim region and 2% of children belong to Christian religion. The data also reveals the fact that most of the children (44%) are attending Special school and 27% of children are attending Normal schools, this correlates with the fact children with ASD would definitely benefit from Inclusive Education, but inclusion should not be forced upon them, the transition should be gradual an systematic. Further 76% of the children with ASD are from Tamil Nadu and 24% are from other states of India. Though the percentages of children diagnosed with ASD from other states are low, it substantiates the point that NIEPMD as a National Institute is yet to reach other parts of the Country. Table 1. Personal profile of Persons with ASD attending NIEPMD services 2007- 2009. AGE: S. No Age Nos. (N=45 Percentage 1 0-3 yrs 5 11 2 4-6 yrs 6 13 3 7-9 yrs 13 29 4 10-14 yrs 14 31 5 15- 18 yrs 3 7 6 Above 18 yrs 4 9 SEX S. No Sex Nos. (N=45 Percentage 1 Male 35 78 2 Female 10 22 ORDER OF THE CHILD S. No Order of the Child Nos. (N=45 Percentage 1 1st Child 26 58 2 2nd Child 15 33 3 3rd Child 3 7 4 4th Child 1 2 DIAGNOSIS S. No Diagnosis Nos. (N=45 Percentage 1 Autism 13 29 2 Autism with MR 26 58 3 Autism with VI 1 2 4 Autism with HI 0 0 5 PDD 5 11 Table 2. Economic Profile of ASD children attending NIEPMD Programme and service 2007-2009 Variables used: Father Education. Mother Education. Father Occupation. Mothers Occupation. Family monthly income. Fathers Education:. Sl. No Education Nos. (N=45) Percentage (%) 1 Illiterate 2 Primary 1 2 3 Middle 3 7 4 High 8 18 5 12th std 6 13 6 Diploma 7 Graduation 18 40 8 P.G 7 16 9 Ph.D 2 4 Mothers Education: Sl. No Education Nos. (N=45) Percentage (%) 1 Illiterate 2 4 2 Primary 1 2 3 Middle 3 7 4 High 6 13 5 12th Std 8 18 6 Diploma 12 27 7 Graduation 11 24 8 P.G 1 2 9 Ph.D 2 4 10 MBBS 1 2 Fathers Occupation: 1. Working – 42/45 (93%) 2. Not Working- 3/45(7%). Mothers Occupation: 1. Working 12/45(27%) 2. House Wife 33/45(73%) Family Income: 1. BPL 17/45(38%) 2. 6,500 10,000 14/45(31%) 3. 10,000 20,000 7/45(15%) 4. Above 20,000 7/45( 15%) Table 3. Social profile of ASD children attending NIEPMD programme and services 2007- 2009 Variables used: Family Type. Area of Resident. Religion . Language spoken. School attending. State. Family Type: Nuclear 39/45(87%) Joint Family 4/45(9%) Area of Residence: Rural 1/45(2%) Semi Rural 2/45(4%) Urban 28/45(62%) Semi-urban 14/45(31%) Religion: Hindu 42/45( 93%) Christian 1/45(2%) Muslim 2/45(4%) Language spoken: Tamil 38/45(84%) English 0 (0%) Hindi 1/45(2%) Tamil + English 5/45(11%) Any other 1/45(2%) Attending School: Normal 12/45(27%) Special schools 20/45(44%) Others 4/45(8%) State: Tamil Nadu 34/45(76%) Others 11/45(24%) Recommendations This basic study was carried out to find out the whether there is any correlation of the parents who have good education, sound socio economic strata have children with ASD. But this study revealed that most of the children diagnosed with ASD are from Below Poverty line, hence there is a need to provide quality rehabilitation services to the children from poor socio- economic background and also the need to establish service centres in the rural areas, because most of the children with ASD are left unnoticed in the rural areas due to lack of awareness about Autism. Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge Dr. K. Bala Baskar and Mr. Benjamin Victor of National Institute for Empowerment of Person with Multiple Disabilities (NIEPMD), Chennai for compiling the data and also editing the manuscript. We also acknowledge the support of the Parents of children with ASD attending services at NIEPMD for providing details and permission to use it for the study. References 1. Beckman, P. (1991). Comparison of mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions of the effects of young children with and without disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 95, 585–595. 2. Beckman, P. (1983). Influences of selected child characteristics on stress in families of handicapped infants. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88(2), 150–156. 3. Census 2001 censusindia.net/t_00_003.html). 4. Costigan, C., Floyd, F., Harter, K., McClintock, J. (1997). Family process and adaptation to children with mental retardation: Disruption and resilience in family problem-solving interactions. Journal of Family Psychology, 11, 515–529. 5. Douglas E. Carothers; Ronald L. Taylor, Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, Summer 2004 v19 i2 p102(3)) 6. Dyson, L., Fewell, R. (1986). Stress and adaptation in parents of young handicapped and non handicapped children: A comparative study. Journal of the Division for Early Childhood, 10, 25–35. 7. Dunst, C., Trivette, C., Hamby, D., Pollock, B. (1990). Family systems correlates of the behavior of young children with handicaps. Journal of Early Intervention, 14, 204–218. 8. Davies, S. (1923). Social control of the feebleminded. The National Committee on Mental Hygiene. New York: New York State Charities Aid Association. 9. Dewey, J. (1934). Art as experience. New York: Holt. 10. Dunlap, W. R., Hollingsworth, J. (1977). How does a handicapped child affect the family? Implications for practitioners. The Family Coordinator, 9, 286–293. 11. Friedrich, W. N., Friedrich, W. L. (1981). Psychosocial assets of parents of handicapped and nonhandicapped children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 85, 551–553. 12. Padmavathi. K (2005), Perception of the parents and teachers on social skills in children with Multiple Disabilities, A comparison. Paper presented in the NIMH conference on multiple disabilities. 13. Ramachandran Rajesh, What you should know (A compilation on Autism for parents) October 2008, KB associate, Bhopal. 14. Rao, L.G. (2005) NIMH conference on multiple disabilities towards abilities- an introduction, NIMH, Secunderabad. 15. Zutshi Bupinder, Center for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, Disability Status in India Case Study of Delhi Metropolitan Region*, September 2004, disabilityindia.org/StatusBookFrame.cfm Research Papers on Socio-Economic Profile of Persons with Autism Spectrum DisorderInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicHip-Hop is Art

Interesting Facts About Restoration Comedy

Interesting Facts About Restoration Comedy Among the many sub-genres of comedy is  the comedy of manners, or restoration comedy,  which originated in France with Molià ¨res Les Precieuses Ridicules (1658). Molià ¨re used this comic form to correct social absurdities.   In England, the comedy of manners is represented by the plays of William Wycherley, George Etherege, William Congreve,  and George Farquhar. This form was later classed old comedy but is now known as restoration comedy because it coincided with Charles IIs return to England. The main goal of these comedies of manners was to mock or scrutinize society. This allowed the audience to laugh at themselves and society. Marriage and the Game of Love One of the major themes of restoration comedy is marriage and the game of love. But if marriage is a mirror of society, the couples in the plays show something very dark and sinister about order. Many critiques of marriage in the comedies are devastating. Although the endings are happy and the man gets the woman, we see marriages without love and love affairs that are rebellious breaks with tradition. William Wycherleys Country Wife In Wycherleys Country Wife, the marriage between Margery and Bud Pinchwife represents a hostile union  between an older man and a young woman. The Pinchwifes are the focal point of the play, and Margerys affair with Horner only adds to the humor. Horner cuckolds all of the husbands while pretending to be a eunuch. This causes the women to flock to him. Horner is a master at the game of love, though he is emotionally impotent. The relationships in the play are dominated by jealousy or cuckoldry. In Act IV, scene ii., Mr. Pinchwife says, So, tis plain she loves him, yet she has not love enough to make her conceal it from me; but the sight of him will increase her aversion for me and love for him, and that love instruct her how to deceive me and satisfy him, all idiot as she is. He wants her to be unable to deceive him. But even in her obvious innocence, he doesnt believe she is. To him, every woman came out of natures hands plain, open, silly, and fit for slaves, as she and Heaven intended em. He also believes women are more lustful and devilish than men. Mr. Pinchwife isnt especially bright, but in his jealousy, he becomes a dangerous character,  thinking Margery conspired to cuckold him. He is correct, but if hed known the truth, he would have killed her in his madness. As it is, when she disobeys him, he says, Once more write as Id have you, and question it not, or I will spoil thy writing with this. [Holding up the penknife.] I will stab out those eyes that cause my mischief. He doesnt ever hit her or stab her in the play (such actions wouldnt make a very good comedy), but Mr. Pinchwife continually locks Margery in the closet, calls her names, and in all other ways, acts like a brute. Because of his abusive nature, Margerys affair is no  surprise. In fact, it is accepted as a social norm, along with Horners promiscuity. In the end, Margery learning to lie is expected because the idea has already been set up when Mr. Pinchwife voices his fears that if she loved Horner more, she would conceal it from him. With this, social order is restored. Man of Mode The theme of the restoration of order in love and marriage continues in Ethereges Man of Mode (1676). Dorimant and Harriet are immersed in the game of love. Although it seems obvious that the couple is destined to be together, an obstacle is placed in Dorimants way by Harriets mother, Mrs. Woodville. She  has arranged for her to marry Young Bellair, who already has his eye on Emilia. Threatened with the possibility of being disinherited, Young Bellair and Harriet pretend to accept the idea, while Harriet and Dorimant go at it in their battle of wits. An element of tragedy is added to the equation as Mrs. Loveit comes into the picture, breaking her fans and acting hysterically. The fans, which were supposed to hide a flush of passion or embarrassment, no longer offer her any protection. She is defenseless against Dorimants cruel words and the all too realistic facts of life; there can be no doubt that she is a tragic side effect of the game of love. Having long since lost interest in her, Dorimant continues to lead her on, giving her hope  but leaving her in despair. In the end, her  unrequited love  brings her ridicule, teaching society that if you are going to play at the game of love, youd better be prepared to get hurt. Indeed, Loveit comes to the realization that Theres nothing but falsehood and impertinence in this world. All men are villains or fools, before she parades out. By the end of the play, we see one marriage, as expected, but it is between Young Bellair and Emilia, who broke with tradition by marrying secretly, without Old Bellairs consent. But in a comedy, all must be forgiven, which  Old Bellair does. While Harriet sinks into a depressing mood, thinking of her lonely house in the country and the poignant noise of the rooks, Dorimant admits his love to her, saying The first time I saw you, you left me with the pangs of love upon me; and this day my soul has quite given up her liberty. Congreves The Way of the World (1700) In Congreves The Way of the World (1700), the trend of restoration continues, but marriage becomes more about contractual agreements and greed  than love. Millamant and Mirabell iron out a prenuptial agreement before they marry. Then Millamant, for an instant, seems willing to marry her cousin Sir Willful, so that she can keep her money. Sex in Congreve, Mr. Palmer says, is a battle of the wits. It is not a battlefield of emotions.   Its comical to see the two wits going at it, but when we look deeper, there is seriousness behind their words. After they list conditions, Mirabell says, These provisos admitted, in other things I may prove a tractable and complying husband. Love may be the basis of their relationship, as Mirabell appears honest; however, their alliance is a sterile romance, devoid of the touchy, feely stuff, which we hope for in a courtship. Mirabell and Millamant are two wits perfect for each other in the battle of the sexes; nevertheless, the pervading sterility and greed reverberates as the relationship between the two wits becomes much more confusing.   Confusion and deception are the way of the world, but compared to The Country Wife and earlier drama, Congreves play shows a different kind of chaosone marked with contracts and greed instead of the hilarity and mix-up of Horner and other rakes. The evolution of society, as mirrored by the plays themselves,  is apparent. The Rover The apparent change in society becomes more explicit as we look at  Aphra Behns play, The Rover (1702). She borrowed almost all of the plot and many details from Thomaso, or the Wanderer, written by Behns old friend, Thomas Killigrew; however, this fact does not diminish the quality of the play. In The Rover, Behn addresses the issues that are of primary concern to herlove and marriage. This play is a comedy of intrigue and isnt set in England as the others play on this list have been. Instead, the action is set in Naples, Italy, during Carnival, an exotic setting, which takes the audience away from the familiar as a sense of alienation pervades the play. The games of love, here, involve Florinda, destined to marry an old, rich man  or her brothers friend. Theres also Belville, a young gallant who rescues her and wins her heart, along with Hellena, Florindas sister, and Willmore, a young rake who falls in love with her. There are no adult s present throughout the play, though Florindas brother is an authority figure, blocking her from a marriage of love. Ultimately, though, even the brother doesnt have much to say in the matter. The women Florinda and Hellena take the situation pretty much into their own hands, deciding what they want. This is, after all, a play written by a woman. And  Aphra Behn  was not just any woman. She was one of the first women to make a living as a writer, which was quite a feat in her day. Behn was also known for her escapades as a spy and other nefarious activities. Drawing upon her own experience and rather revolutionary ideas, Behn creates female characters who are very different from any in previous period plays. She also addresses the threat of violence toward women, such as rape. This is a much darker view of society than the other playwrights created. The plot was further complicated when Angelica Bianca enters the picture, providing us with a searing indictment against society and the state of moral decay. When Willmore breaks his oath of love to her by falling in love with Helena, she goes crazy, brandishing a pistol and threatening to kill him. Willmore admits his inconstancy, saying, Broke my Vows? Why, where hast thou lived? Amongst the gods! For I never heard of mortal man that has not broke a thousand vows. He is an interesting representation of the careless and callous gallant of the Restoration, concerned mainly with his own pleasures and not interested in whom he hurts along the way. In the end, all of the conflicts are resolved with prospective marriages and released from the threat of marriage to an old man or the church. Willmore closes the last scene by saying, Egad, thourt a brave girl, and I admire thy love and courage. Lead on; no other dangers they can dread/ Who ventured in the storms o th marriage bed. The Beaux Stratagem   Looking at The Rover, it is not hard to make a leap to  George Farquhars play, The Beaux Stratagem (1707).  In this play, he presents a terrible indictment on love and marriage. He depicts Mrs. Sullen as a frustrated wife, trapped in a marriage with no escape in sight (at least not at first). Characterized as a hate-hate relationship, the Sullens do not even have mutual respect to base their union on. Then, it was difficult, if not impossible to get a divorce; and, even if Mrs. Sullen managed to divorce, she would have been destitute because all of her money belonged to her husband. Her plight seems hopeless as she answers her sister-in-laws You must have Patience, with, Patience! the Cant of CustomProvidence sends no Evil without a Remedyshoud I lie groaning under a Yoke I can shake off, I were accessory to my Ruin, and my Patience were no better than self-Murder. Mrs. Sullen is a tragic figure when we see her as wife to an ogre, but she is comical as she plays at love with Archer. In The Beaux Stratagem, though, Farquhar shows himself to be a transitional figure when he introduces the contractual elements of the play. The Sullen marriage ends in divorce, and the traditional comic resolution is still kept intact with the announcement of the marriage of Aimwell and Dorinda. Of course, Aimwells intent was to woe Dorinda into marrying him so that he could squander her money. In that respect, at least the play compares with Behns The Rover and Congreves The Way of the World; but in the end, Aimwell says,  Such Goodness who coud injure; I find myself unequal to the task of Villain; she has gaind my Soul, and made it honest like her own; I cannot, cannot hurt her. Aimwells statement shows a marked change in his character. We can suspend disbelief as he tells Dorinda, Im a Lie, nor dare I give a Fiction to your Arms; Im all Counterfeit except my Passion. Its another happy ending! Sheridans The School for Scandal Richard Brinsley Sheridans play The School for Scandal (1777) marks a shift from the plays discussed above. Much of this change is due to a falling away of the Restoration values into a different kind of restoration where a new morality comes into play. Here, the bad are punished and the good are rewarded, and appearance doesnt fool anyone for long, especially when the long lost guardian, Sir Oliver, comes home to discover all. In the Cain and Abel scenario, Cain, a part played by Joseph Surface, is exposed as being an ungrateful hypocrite and Abel, a part played by Charles Surface, is really not that bad after all (all blame is  placed on his brother). And the virtuous young maidenMariawas right in her love, though she obeyed her fathers orders to refuse any further contact with Charles until he was vindicated. Also  interesting is that Sheridan does not create affairs between the characters of his play. Lady Teazle was willing to cuckold Sir Peter with Joseph until she learns the genuineness of his love. She realizes the error of her ways, repents and, when discovered, tells all and is forgiven.  There is nothing  realistic about the play, but its intent is much more moral than any of the earlier comedies. Wrapping Up Though these Restoration plays broach similar themes, the methods and the outcomes are completely different. This shows how much more conservative England had become by the late 18th century. Also as time moved forward, the emphasis changed from cuckoldry and the aristocracy to marriage as a contractual agreement and eventually to the sentimental comedy. Throughout, we see a restoration of social order in various forms.

Financial Statement Forecasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial Statement Forecasting - Essay Example There is no denying the fact that;" investors and share holders around the world base their decisions on financial and economic forecasts (Olley, 2006, 1)." Thus a professional, pragmatic and propitious financial statement forecast will fortify its plans of rapid future growth by exploiting novel business opportunities, undergoing product diversification and resorting to aggressive acquisition. The success of a company depends to a great extent on the reliability of its financial statement forecasting. To ensure this, it is a must that," the assumptions made in the previous Corporation Budgeting cycle, but not limited to, estimated sales volume, capital requirements, staffing resource requirements, customer demands and vendor contracts" are all meticulously verified and updated to reveal all the possible changes and the most recent data available (Harvard, 2008). All the possible changes projected or encumbered should be balanced by an appropriate action by the management. Microsoft Excel is the most common tool used during forecasting. Financial forecast has to be customized to suit the external and internal realities of a business and has to be flexible to accommodate future changes. The most common methodologies used for forecasting are Current Year Budget, Straight Line, Year to Date Actual plus Estimated Future Spending and Prior Year Data.Though the data required to achieve a financial forecast is basically the same as what is required to accomplish the budgeting process, forecasting differs from the budgeting process in the sense that a budget is a statement prepared a year in advance that gives guidelines for spending and acts as a yardstick for analyzing the business performance of a company, forecasting involves extrapolating the current performance of a company to estimate the future income, expenditure and growth prospects..References Financial Forecasting (2008). Harvard. Retrieved August 24, 2008, fromhttp://www.vis.harvard.edu/staff/policies/financial_forecasting.php Funky Finance (2008). CIMA. Retrieved August

Modernity and theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Modernity and theory - Essay Example More specifically, the modern era is generally considered to have begun sometime between 1870 and 1970. Some further limit modernity to the 1910-1960 period, after which the post-modern era is said to have started. Modernity started as a prevailing popular social attitude in Western Europe during about the seventeenth century (which subsequently developed a world-wide influence). Modernity is characterized by changes in the economy-the advent of industrialism and capitalism, with social class as the main form of social division. Modernity is characterized also by urbanization, or the rapid birth and growth of cities. Modernity also means changes in government-the government is now centralized and, in effect, more powerful (although modernity also means generally more power to the individual).In modernity there is also a rise in general knowledge-society becomes more rational and scientific, and the dependence on religion and superstition is less. According to Peter Berger, among the characteristics of modernity are the disintegration of traditional communities, the broadening of individual freedom and choice, the diversification of beliefs, and the future-oriented or progress-centric attitude of society in general.

An examination of the concept of class divisions according to paul fussell Essay Example for Free

An examination of the concept of class divisions according to paul fussell Essay Class Based on Paul Fussell’s class divisions, I believe that I am a member of the high proletarian class. I am content being in this particular class because of the way this class lives, and I do not aspire to become a member of a different class; I believe that it would be unrealistic for me to do so. As Fussell mentions, when one thinks of class, he often thinks in terms of whether somebody is rich or poor. Fussell believes that class is more than net worth, and he talks about class in a variety of different ways; he considers how each class consumes goods, dresses, lives, and even the words that members of each class use in conversation. Based on what Fussell has said about each class, I would be most accurately categorized as a high proletarian. High proletarians, according to Fussell are â€Å"not consumed with worry about choosing the correct status emblems†¦they can do, say, wear, and look like pretty much anything they want without undue feelings of shame† (46). Anybody who sees me often knows that I have a very simple wardrobe; I wear a pair of jeans, running shoes, a jacket, and a random t-shirt underneath. I am not concerned with how I dress or how other people see me. I am much more concerned with how people view my accomplishments and my actions, which I put much more effort into. Fussell also talks about the actions and skills of the high proletarians, saying â€Å"the special anxiety of the high proles is fear about the loss or reduction of status: you’re proud to be a master carpenter, and you want the world to understand clearly the difference between you and a laborer† (45). I have worked at an ice cream shop for the past seven years, and I make sure everybody is aware of what I’m capable of and my status at the ice cream shop. I may wear the same thing to work all of the time, and every employee may wear the same work shirt in the ice cream shop, but I make it known to everybody that I have the experience and the skillset that I have worked hard to acquire. I am content being a member of this class. Not only do I feel like describes me the most accurately, but, in my opinion, it also sounds like the most enjoyable class to be a member of. As mentioned before, high proletarians aren’t extremely concerned with status symbols or how other people perceive their tastes and desires. As a result, high proletarians are more focused on having things that they enjoy. A great example of this is the food eaten by each class.   When talking about the meals that the upper-middle class eats, Fussell says that â€Å"sometimes it seems that anything will be consumed so as long as it’s not native†¦tacos and pizza are out, and so are common ‘Chinese’ dishes† (103).   The upper-middle class seems to care less about how the food they’re eating tastes, but whether that food fits into their perceived standards. High proletarians, on the other hand, pay little attention to whether a certain food is exotic or no t, instead focusing on the food itself. When I get home after a long day of work or twelve hours of classes, I do not care about whether the food that I’m eating is fancy or high-class. The high proletarian approach to food and dining is much simpler than that of the upper-middle class, and this simpler way of living is prevalent throughout all aspects of high proletarian living, whether it’s home dà ©cor, consumption of goods, or use of words and language in writing and while speaking. As a high proletarian, I am right in the middle of the nine classes listed by Fussell, which means that it wouldn’t be difficult for me to drift into either a higher class or a lower class. As mentioned before, I am content with the class that I belong to, the high proletarian, and I have no desire to become a member of a higher or a lower class. Those on the higher end of the class spectrum, according to Fussell, often act like stereotypical rich people. For example, a common theme for those in the upper-middle class is â€Å"living in a house with more rooms than you need† (33). I would much rather live in a home or apartment with just enough space to live comfortably; wasting money on rooms that I won’t use isn’t a very appealing thought for me. The destitute (one of the lowest classes), on the other hand, â€Å"never have even seasonal work and live wholly on welfare† (50). I work hard for the things that I have, and it would be almost torturous for me to rely on welfare to live. Initially, I was under the impression that moving between the class above you and below you can be, for the most part, a choice, but after reading Fussell’s book, I have realized that being a member of a certain class is only partially choice. I don’t care about whether I wear the same jacket five days a week, and I also wouldn’t want to have to rely on someone else to buy that same jacker for me. I am a high proletarian because the traits and characteristics that I have make me a high proletarian, and I will always have those traits. Due to this, I don’t think that it would be realistic for me to change drastically enough to become a member of a new class. Of course, there is the possibility that I will adopt certain characteristics of a higher or lower class, but I will, overall, still be a member of the high proletarian class. Paul Fussell’s Class: A Guide Through the American Status System has helped me to determine that I am a member of the high proletarian class. I am content being a member of this class because of its simplicity, and I do not aspire to be a member of a higher class because I don’t think it would be realistic for me to do so. Work Cited Fussell, Paul.  Class: A Guide Through the American Class System. New York: Simon Schuster, 1992. Print.

Bog Plants and Their Use in Medicine :: Research Biology Medicine Essays

Bog Plants and Their Use in Medicine Although most of the modern world does not often resort to bog plants for medicinal uses when there are more widely accessible forms of medicine to treat certain health needs, there exists numerous medicinal uses for bog plants. The various medicinal uses of different bog plants have developed and changed over the course of history. Bog plants were more commonly used by Native Indians as medicine such as the Ledum groenlandicum (Labrador tea) for sore throats and colds. The leaves of Gaultheria procumbens (Wintergreen), also processed into tea, treat aches and pains in native North American medicine. In the olden days, not long after the Native Indian civilizations, Wintergreen leaves were used in perfumery with woody notes. Other bog plants that are used as tea leaves include the Scutellaria lateriflora, which is tea for anxiety, nervous exhaustion and pre-menstrual tension, and the Valeriana officinalis, which promotes soothing sleep. During the Middle Ages, Potentilla palustris (Marsh Cinquefoil) were regarded as having healing properties for almost any ailment and were widely collected. The genus of the cinquefoil’s Potentilla from Latin meant â€Å"powerful† was derived from its reputation as powerful cure-alls. In particular, the Potentilla erecta (Tormentil) was used as an antibiotic and an astringent (causing tissues to contract). Another bog plant, the Cladonia species was classified as an effective medicinal herb in the Middle Ages, but is only used today as fabric dyes. Some bog plants such as the Osmunda regalis (Royal Fern) were used during the colonial times for treating coughs, but this practice is now obsolete. As one of the most widely known plants from bogs, the Vaccinium species or the Bog Cranberry is the most edible and digestible plant from the bog. It produces cranberries which are most effective in treating diseases or infections in the urinary systems for both genders. Si nce cranberries have a low spoilage factor and a high Vitamin C content, they were extensively by all generations in American heritage as a food source for long journeys in preventing scurvy. Throughout the course of history, there have been some extraordinary medicinal uses of bog plants by various ages and by various civilizations. The Lycopus europaeus (Gypsywort) was used both as a sedative drug and as a dye plant (black). It was once used by Gypsies to colour their skin, and hence the common name, Gypsywort.

Africa: Europe Colonization Through Imperialist Aggression Essay

Africa confronted colonization from Europe through imperialist aggression, diplomatic pressure and military invasion during the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. During this time period, African civilizations put up numerous methods of resistance in an effort to stop the European colonization. These resistances failed and by the 20th century most of Africa was colonized. The Europeans desire to colonize Africa was motivated by economic, political and social elements following the breakdown of slave trading. This led to a frantic struggle to establish different parts of the African continent for trade while the Africans fought free trade. African military fought European colonization through guerrilla warfare because the stateless societies did not have an established military. The use of African military was utilized in more centralized states such as Ethiopia and Zulu. One example of African resistance was brought about by Samory Toure of West Africa who fought the French by the use of military and diplomatic resistance between 1882 and 1898. Most African societies fought aggressively and courageously in an effort to keep control over their country. In the 19th century it was evident that they had lost and their fight and found themselves facing revolutionary changes. The lack of technology was one of the main reasons for their loss. African’s mainly used bows, arrows, spears and some cavalry rifles. It was at this point in time most of Africa was colonized by seven European powers, which had established colonial state systems. These colonial state systems were authoritarian and bureaucratic mainly imposed by force. (Iweriebor, Ehiedu , n.d) Because of the European colonization upon Africa came a syncretism of culture, society and production. Islam and Christianity were introduced to West Africa between the ninth and the tenth century by way of missionaries and trading. Islam was accepted in the 11th century by numerous rulers and has since grown to be a prominent religion in West Africa by becoming incorporated into the laws, cultures and political economy of different regions. Today over 50% and many cities in West Africa are of Muslim including Nigeria and Sierra Leone. Cities such as Mali, Senegal, Mauritania and Gambia are over 90 % Muslim. Christianity in Africa has a shorter history because it was not introduced until Europeans began exploring and colonizing Africa. Christianity was introduced to Africa in the 15th century through the European missionary work and is still being cultivated today by Christians all over the world. The city of Cape Verde is mostly Christian based while the city of Chana is over 60% Christian. While Christianity and Islam beliefs are present within Africa the most common religious practice in Africa falls within the indigenous category. Africans have however combined their pre-colonial beliefs with those of Christianity and Islam thus creating a syncretism of religion. (Exploring Africa, n.d.) The economy in Africa greatly changed from the European colonization. During the colonial period, most European colonizers grew crops strictly to sell them. The economy was based upon exporting raw materials and importing manufactured items. Some examples of the exports would be cotton, oil and minerals while the importing was generally machines, equipment and textiles. In almost every instance of instance of trading, one of the primary trade allies for each African country is a corresponding past colonizer. In addition, there are only a few primary trade partners are with other African countries. Therefore, international trade relations of Africa are focused toward industrialized nations. (Exploring Africa, n.d.) Reference: Iweriebor, Ehiedu (n.d) The Colonization of Africa, retrieved from: http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay-colonization-of-africa.html Exploring Africa (n.d.) Unit Four: Regional Perspective, Retrieved from: http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/students/curriculum/m17/activity3.php

Helping The Homeless Essay

Do you know how many people there are in the world with no home or money? There are millions and millions of homeless people in the world, and I want to help put a stop to it. I feel strongly about this because i grew up in Thailand when i was younger and seeing all these homeless people really impacted my life and how i thought about people. The three best ways that people can help the homeless are to help build shelters so that they are safe at night, to donate food so they don’t go hungry and die, and to donate money so that they can afford food and clothes. There are several ways to help the homeless, one is to help the organizations, that help to homeless, is to donate money to them so they can keep helping the homeless. Or actually go with the organization and build the shelter with them. Maybe, in your opinion, this isn’t the best way to help. But I think donating food for the homeless is the most important thing you can do. Donating food to the homeless is impor tant because it makes so that they don’t go hungry and die. It is one of the most important things you can do, because without food they don’t get nutrition and won’t be able to grow, mentally or physically. And if people don’t have enough food, the will starve, and eventually die. When i lived in Thailand, every time my family and I went to McDonalds, Burger King, or any other fast food restaurant we would buy an extra meal for a 12 year old kid that sat at the same light post every day for 2 years. And every time we gave him food, he would be so happy. It just made me feel amazing being able to make someone, living the life that they did, feel so happy. And i know my parents and siblings felt the same way. And i know that anyone else who helps the homeless will also get the same feeling. But you don’t have to only donate in person, there are hundreds of organizations who help the homeless, poor, neglected members of our society. And in my opinion every one has to do what they can to help. Something that Kyle Tyrrel said â€Å"Seeing a homeless person begging out in the cold, steam escaping their mouths as they ask for money, touches something primal within me. They are alive in the same way I am.† What he is saying in thais is that they breath, just like you breath. They need to eat, just like you need to eat. And they are people, just like you. Donating money to homeless people is important because it makes so that they can afford food and cloths. This is important  because some people wear the same cloths and never have money for new ones. When i was younger and I lived in Thailand I put money in donation boxes or gave to homeless people themselves whenever my family and I went to the Mall or to get dinner. I would do this all the time because i felt bad for people, especially children, who did not have the privileges that i had growing up. And i felt bad for people who were born into that life. Yes some of the homeless have to give all their earnings to someone who has pretty much ‘enslaved’ them, but that doesn’t mean you can’t help in other ways. When i did this i learned how good it felt to help people survive. Because even at a young age i learned that every dollar helps. And this is a really important lesson for our generation, some people just don’t understand what it’s like to be â€Å"The other half† of the world. Donating money is not only good for the people you are donating it to, but it helps you become a better person, and teaches you kindness, and makes other respect your more as an individual. Building homes and/or shelters for homeless people is important because it helps to increase their safety. This is really important, not many people realize that over a billion people have no real home at night. One way that i helped increase the safety of a homeless family was When I was 8 years old in Sweden and my momâ €™s friend in Thailand was helping out this family whose dad had run away when their daughter was born with a sickness and we flew over to help that family and build a house for them. It increased their safety and the mother could leave her 14 year old daughter, who couldn’t walk, at home alone while she got medicine and food. Even though there might be other ways to help homeless people survive and be happy, I think that this is one of the best. And while helping the family and building their new home i learned how good it felt to help others and i learned how â€Å"The other half lived† at a young age which influenced how i think today. This is important for people to learn at a young age because it teaches them not to be greedy and to be happy for what they have. There are lots of different ways to help the homeless, here is another way to help with the building of shelters. Join one of the many, many organizations that build homes for the homeless. Habitat for humanity for example. At my school there is a ‘Habitat for Humanity’ Club. Everyone in it is doing their part, Other people should do their part too. There are millions and millions of less privileged people out there with no food, money or home. And the three  best ways to help them are to donate food, Give the money, And to build them shelters. Homelessness is a huge problem in the world. And i think everyone should do their part and help decrease homelessness. You can donate a few dollars, or build your own homeless shelter, anything and everything helps.

dells success essays

dells success essays Dell Computer is arguably the most successful business among those established within the last twenty years (Microsoft just misses qualifying under this timeframe). As I have stated recently in different venues, I believe that this company provides a classic example of how the principles of strategic management have been used to translate an innovative vision into a successful and sustainable enterprise. Dell Computer has also realized tremendous benefits from its application of information technology. IT has been used not only to create competitive advantages at the operational level, but also to introduce an unprecedented type of strategic information management. As a result, I am pleased to accept the invitation from the Stockholm School of Economics to review the success of Dell Computer, and to explain it from a strategic management perspective. Michael Dell founded Dell Computer in 1984. At the time he was only 19 years old, and in his first year of studies at the University of Texas in Austin. Michael Dell had a simple but powerful vision: that personal computers could be built to order and sold directly to customers. This followed from his belief that the PC, made up of little more than software from Microsoft and chips from Intel, was rapidly becoming a commodity product. Dell's new approach to the PC business had two advantages: (1) bypassing distributors and retail dealers reduced marketing and sales costs by eliminating the markups of resellers, and (2) building to order greatly reduced the costs and risks associated with carrying large volumes of both and finished goods. Michael Dell started his company with only US$ 1,000 of capital. Dell Computers experienced its share of difficulties in the first few years, to the point where some family members and friends wondered whether it had been wise for Michael to drop out of university. Several times it had to refine its strategy even as it was implementing it. The ...

How to Find the Birthplace of Your Immigrant Ancestor

How to Find the Birthplace of Your Immigrant Ancestor Once youve traced your family tree back to the immigrant ancestor, determining his/her birthplace is the key to the next branch in your family tree. Knowing just the country isnt just enough - youll usually have to get down to the town or village level to successfully locate your ancestors records. While it seems a simple enough task, a town name isnt always easy to find. In many records, only the country or possibly county, state, or department of origin were recorded, but not the name of the actual  ancestral town or parish. Even when a place is listed, it may only be the nearby big city, because that was a more recognizable point of reference for people not familiar with the region. The only clue Ive ever found to my 3rd great-grandfathers city/town of origin in Germany, for example, is his tombstone that says he was born in Bremerhaven. But did he really come from the big port city of Bremerhaven? Or is that the port he emigrated from? Was he from a nearby small town, perhaps elsewhere in the city-state of Bremen, or the surrounding state of Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony)? To locate an immigrants town or village of origin you may have to gather clues from numerous sources. Step One: Take Off His Name Tag! Learn everything you can about your immigrant ancestor so that you will be able to identify him in relevant records, and distinguish him from others of the same name. This includes: The immigrants full name including her middle name or maiden name, if applicableA date of birth or the date of another event (marriage, immigration, etc.) with which you may be able to identify your ancestorA place of birth, even if it is just a country of origin for nowThe names of all identifiable relatives parents, spouse, siblings, aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins, etc. Immigrants often traveled with relatives or went to join one who had previously emigrated. These names will also help you to identify your immigrants family in their country of origin.Any other information that may help identify your ancestor, including religion, occupation, friends, neighbors, etc. Dont forget to ask family members and even distant relatives about your ancestors birthplace. You never know who may have personal knowledge or relevant records in their possession. Step Two: Search National Level Indexes Once youve determined the country of origin, look for a national index to vital or civil registration records (births, deaths, marriages) or a national census or other enumeration for that country in the time period in which your ancestor was born (e.g. civil registration index for England Wales). If such an index exists, this might provide a shortcut to learning your ancestors place of birth. You must, however, have enough identifying information to recognize the immigrant, and many countries do not maintain vital records at the national level. Even if you do locate a particular candidate this way, you will still want to follow the other steps as well to verify that your same name individual in the old country is actually your ancestor. Step Three: Identify Records Which May Include the Place of Birth The next goal in your birthplace quest is to find a record or other source that tells you specifically where to start looking in your ancestors country of origin. While searching, it is important to remember that your ancestors last residence prior to emigration may not necessarily be their place of birth. Look at research already done by others. In many cases, other researchers have already found where the emigrant came from. This includes searching through published indexes and genealogies, local biographies and town histories, and databases of compiled records.Locate original records related to the immigrants death, such as death records, church records, obituaries, cemetery records, and probate records. Obituaries published in ethnic newspapers are the most likely to contain specific information such as a town of origin.Check both civil and church sources for a marriage record and records of the childrens births.Search other types of genealogical records which may reveal an ancestors town of origin, including census records, court records, newspapers, and land and property records.Immigration records such as passenger lists and naturalization records are another important source in the search for an immigrants town of birth. While it may seem a better place to start, you usually ne ed the information found in previous steps to enable you to locate immigration and naturalization records. In the United States, for example, census records may reveal whether an ancestor was naturalized. Search for these records in each place where the immigrant lived, for the complete time period when he or she lived there and for some time after his death. Be sure to investigate available records in all jurisdictions that may have kept records about him or her, including town, parish, county, state, and national authorities. Be thorough in your examination of each record, making note of all identifying details such as the immigrants occupation or the names of neighbors, godparents, and witnesses. Step Four: Cast a Wider Net Sometimes after researching all possible records, you will still be unable to find a record of the home town of your immigrant ancestor. In this case, continue the search in the records of identified family members brother, sister, father, mother, cousin, children, etc. to see if you can find a place name associated with them. For example, my great-grandfather emigrated to the United States from Poland but was never naturalized and left no records of his specific town of origin. The town in which they lived was identified, however, on the naturalization record of his eldest daughter (who was born in Poland). Tip!  Church baptismal records for children of immigrant parents are another resource that can be invaluable in a search for immigrant origins. Many immigrants settled in areas and attended churches with others of their same ethnic and geographic background, with a priest or minister who likely knew the family. Sometimes this means records likely to be more specific than just Germany in recording a place of origin. Step Five: Find it on a Map Identify and verify the place name on a map, something that is not always as easy as it sounds. Often you will find multiple places with the same name, or you may find that the town has changed jurisdictions or even disappeared. It is very important here to correlate with historical maps and other sources of information to be sure that you have identified the correct town.

William Wordsworth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

William Wordsworth - Essay Example It was his mother that taught him how to read. Unfortunately, his mother died in 1778, and William and his sister were sent to live with relatives in Yorkshire; it was during this time that William was introduced to real education, though he could thank his parents for the knowledge that he had gained up until that time. It was in 1787 when William made his debut as a writer, having had a sonnet published in The European Magazine (Johnston, 2001). Within that year, he also enrolled at St. John’s College, Cambridge, where he studied until he earned his B.A. After school, he spent much of his time on walking tours and various holidays. In 1791, William met and fell in love with Annette Vallon, who gave birth to their first child, Caroline, in 1792. It was in 1802 when William married a childhood friend, Mary Hutchinson. They had five children together - two girls and three boys. In 1793, William had his poetry published for the first time in the collections An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches. He received money in 1795 from his friend, Raisley Calvert, to encourage him to keep writing poetry. In the same year, William met Samuel Taylor Coleridge, another poet, and they immediately became close. They admired each other’s work and decided to be influenced by one another. In 1797, William and his sister moved to Somerset, not too far from where Coleridge lived. With the help of William’s sister, William and Samuel wrote Lyrical Ballads, one of the most important pieces of work in the English Romantic movement. Even though William nor Samuel was listed as the book’s author, William published one of his most famous poems, â€Å"Tintern Abbey†, in the volume, as well as Samuel’s â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.† The second volume was published in 1800 and had William listed as the sole author. This volume focused on Romantic literary theory, and William discussed what he felt were the elements of new

Managing Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Human Resources - Essay Example Since I'm holding the position of Human Resources Director for National Lewis and Clark Corporation (NL&C) I had to check the employee's responsibilities. I always had to be in contact with my colleagues and subordinates. The Human Resource department is the heart and soul of any organization or company or firm. After joining the company I noticed that though the company has implemented the salary-sharing plan, the salary was much lesser when compared to national averages. Furthermore they hired candidates who were less experienced and less trained to higher positions. I later found that due to lawsuits filed against them by previous employees, to fill those positions they hires the inexperienced candidates. The employees should work as team and there should be no place for jealousy and complacency. HRM would involve going beyond an agreement to add 'women's issues' to the research agenda, to recognition of the gendered character of employment relations and of work itself. The employees of the company were facing many difficulties. Due to accidents and some ailing factors employees were unable to perform up to the mark. I suggested the company to follow the rules of Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). According to the